OPINION BY DONOHUE, J.:

Jovon Knox ("Knox") appeals from the judgment of sentence entered on September 23, 2008, following a jury trial at which Knox was convicted of second-degree felony murder, attempted robbery of a motor vehicle, conspiracy, and carrying a firearm without a license. Knox and his co-defendant, his identical twin brother, Devon Knox ("Devon"), were 17-years-old at the time they committed the crimes.1 On appeal, Knox challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support his convictions and the constitutionality of a life sentence without the possibility of parole for a juvenile convicted of second-degree murder. Although we determine that the evidence was sufficient to support his convictions, we remand for resentencing based the United States Supreme Court's decision in Miller v. Alabama, ___ U.S. ___, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 183 L.Ed.2d 407 (2012).

On July 8, 2007, at approximately 1:30 p.m., Jehru Donaldson ("the victim") drove his girlfriend to her sister's house on the North Side of Pittsburgh to pick up two of her nephews for a Pittsburgh Pirates baseball game. The victim waited outside in his car while his girlfriend went inside the house. Two of her nephews, Ah.C. and Aa.C. (ages 9 and 13, respectively), were outside at the time, and observed Knox and his twin brother approach the victim's car on the driver's side. One of the twins told the victim to "[g]et out of the car." N.T., 6/3/08, at 145. The same twin then lifted his shirt, exposed a gun, and again said to the victim: "Get out of the car." Id. at 147. When the victim did not comply, the same twin pulled out the gun and aimed it at the victim's head. The victim pushed the gun away from his face with his hand and drove off. Both twins ran towards the car, and the twin with the gun fired one shot towards the victim's car. After the shot was fired, the victim crashed his vehicle into an abandoned house, at which point both twins ran together up the street, away from the victim's car.

In the hours that followed the shooting, Ah.C. and Aa.C. spoke with police about what they observed. Both Ah.C. and Aa.C. identified the twins in photo arrays as being the two individuals who approached the victim's car, and further identified Devon as the shooter.

The victim was rushed to Allegheny General Hospital and was pronounced dead the following afternoon, on July 9, 2007. The cause of death was a single gunshot wound to the head.

That same day, United States Marshals secured a warrant for the arrest of Knox and his twin brother. Upon arriving at the Knox residence, the twins' father informed the marshals that he was preparing to send his daughter out of town for fear of retaliation against his sons. He told the marshals that Knox and his brother were staying with a girlfriend, and provided the address where the twins were later apprehended.

Knox was taken to the police station, where he was provided his Miranda2 rights and interrogated by the police. Knox told police that he was not in the area where the shooting occurred on the day in question, but could not say whom he was with or where he was.3

Knox was charged with criminal homicide, attempted robbery of a motor vehicle, conspiracy to commit robbery of a motor vehicle, and possession of a firearm without a license.4 He was tried jointly with Devon. The Commonwealth proceeded on the theory that Devon was the shooter, and Knox his accomplice and co-conspirator.5 Knox's defense was that Devon was the perpetrator of the crimes, and that he was merely an innocent bystander. On the first day of the trial, however, Knox and his twin brother, who were dressed identically, switched places in what the trial court referred to as "a courtroom stunt reminiscent of `The Parent Trap[.]'" Trial Court Opinion, 6/22/09, at 2; see N.T., 6/3/08, at 156-57, 185-93.6 At the time the brothers engaged in this switch, Ah.C. testified and identified Knox as the shooter.

The jury acquitted Knox of first-degree murder,7 but convicted him of second-degree murder,8 attempted robbery of a motor vehicle, conspiracy, and carrying a firearm without a license. The jury did not make a finding regarding which brother was the shooter. The trial court sentenced Knox to the mandatory sentence for second-degree murder — life in prison without the possibility of parole9 — and imposed no further penalty on the other convictions.

Trial counsel was permitted to withdraw, and the trial court appointed new counsel. The trial court granted an extension of time for Knox to file post-sentence motions so that new counsel could obtain the trial transcripts. Thereafter, Knox filed a post-sentence motion asserting that the verdict was against the weight of the evidence. This motion was denied on March 12, 2009.

Knox filed a notice of appeal on April 3, 2009. He timely complied with the trial court's order to file a concise statement of matters complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). The trial court filed a responsive opinion pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a). On appeal, Knox raises the following issues for our review:

Knox's Brief at 4.

In his first issue raised on appeal, Knox challenges the sufficiency of evidence to prove that he conspired with Devon to commit the crimes perpetrated against the victim, or that he was Devon's accomplice in the commission of the crimes.10 Id. at 17. He argues that the Commonwealth established only that he "was merely present," with no evidence that he aided or intended to aid Devon in the commission of the crimes. Id. at 17, 21. In anticipation of the Commonwealth's argument that Knox did not leave the scene when he saw Devon had a gun, he explains that "[h]e didn't have time to leave. Both [Ah.C.] and [Aa.C.] admitted that they could not run into their house and get help from an adult when they saw Devon with the gun because the event happened so very quickly." Id. at 22.

Our standard for reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence is as follows:

Commonwealth v. Brown, 23 A.3d 544, 559-60 (Pa.Super.2011) (en banc).

We begin by setting forth the definitions of the relevant crimes. "A person commits an attempt when, with intent to commit a specific crime, he does any act which constitutes a substantial step toward the commission of that crime." 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 901(a). The statute defining robbery of a motor vehicle provides: "A person commits a felony of the first degree if he steals or takes a motor vehicle from another person in the presence of that person or any other person in lawful possession of the motor vehicle." 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3702(a).

"A criminal homicide constitutes murder of the second degree when it is committed while defendant was engaged as a principal or an accomplice in the perpetration of a felony." 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2502(b). "Perpetration of a felony" is defined as: "The act of the defendant in engaging in or being an accomplice in the commission of, or an attempt to commit, or flight after committing, or attempting to commit robbery, rape, or deviate sexual intercourse by force or threat of force, arson, burglary or kidnapping." 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2502(d).

The Pennsylvania Crimes Code defines conspiracy as follows:

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 903(a). This requires proof that: 1) the defendant entered into an agreement with another to commit or aid in the commission of a crime; 2) he shared the criminal intent with that other person; and 3) an overt act was committed in furtherance of the conspiracy. Commonwealth v. Devine, 26 A.3d 1139, 1147 (Pa.Super.2011). "This overt act need not be committed by the defendant; it need only be committed by a co-conspirator." Commonwealth v. Murphy, 795 A.2d 1025, 1038 (Pa.Super.2002) (citation omitted).

Commonwealth v. McCall, 911 A.2d 992, 996-97 (Pa.Super.2006) (citation omitted).

An accomplice is also legally accountable for the conduct of the other person involved in committing the crimes. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 306(b)(3). The Crimes Code defines an accomplice as follows:

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 306(c). "Both requirements may be established wholly by circumstantial evidence. Only the least degree of concert or collusion in the commission of the offense is sufficient to sustain a finding of responsibility as an accomplice. No agreement is required, only aid." Commonwealth v. Kimbrough, 872 A.2d 1244, 1251 (Pa.Super.2005) (en banc) (citations and quotations omitted). "[P]roof of a criminal partnership is almost invariably extracted from the circumstances that attend its activities." Id. at 1253-54 (citation omitted).

Commonwealth v. Rosetti, 322 Pa.Super. 536, 469 A.2d 1121, 1123 (1983) (citations omitted).

In the instant matter, the trial court found:

Trial Court Opinion, 6/22/09, at 4.

At trial, Ah.C. and Aa.C. both testified that they were sitting outside when the victim arrived in his car. N.T. 6/3/08, at 130-31, 273. They each stated that they saw Knox and his twin brother walk up to the victim's vehicle and stand by the driver's side door, side-by-side. Id. at 137, 140-43, 278-81, 290. Ah.C. recognized "the twins" because he had seen them on the street and they had visited his house to have their hair cut by Ah.C.'s father. Id. at 137-38. Ah.C. heard one of the brothers say to the victim: "Get out of the car." Id. at 145. When the victim refused, Ah.C. saw the same brother pull up his shirt, revealing a gun, and again tell the victim: "Get out of the car." Id. at 146-47. Ah.C. then observed the same brother pull out the gun and point it at the victim's head through the open car window. Id. at 148. The victim brushed the gun aside with his hand and drove the vehicle away. Id. at 148-49. Ah.C. stated that both brothers moved in the direction of the car, and the brother with the gun, still brandishing it, fired one shot. Id. at 150-51. The car crashed, and both brothers ran up the block together and around the corner. Id. at 151-52.

Similarly, Aa.C. testified that the brothers were side-by-side at the car, but Aa.C. could not hear everything that was being said. He saw the victim shaking his head, "no," and he heard the brother who eventually produced the gun tell the victim to "get out." N.T., 6/4/08, at 282-84. When the victim drove off, Aa.C. likewise observed both brothers run after the car together, and the brother with the gun shoot towards the car. Id. at 285-86. Once the car crashed into the abandoned house, Aa.C. testified that both brothers ran together away from the car and around the corner. Id. at 288.

Later that day, Ah.C. and Aa.C. spoke with police. Each identified the Knox brothers in a photographic array as the two individuals who approached the victim's car, and identified Devon as the person who fired the gun.11 N.T., 6/9/08, at 363.

United States Marshal Robert Holtz testified that the day after the shooting, he spoke with the Knox brothers' father. N.T., 6/4/09, at 251. The father stated his fear that there would be retaliation against the twins. Id. at 251-52. He informed the marshal that the twins were staying with a girlfriend, and provided an address where they were subsequently apprehended. Id. at 255-56.

Knox spoke with police, but denied being in the area where the shooting occurred on the day in question. Id. at 331-32. He could not say whom he was with or where he was at the time the shooting occurred. Id. at 333-34.

Based upon our review of the record, we agree with the trial court that the evidence was sufficient to establish that Knox assisted Devon and participated in the attempt to rob the victim of his vehicle. Knox approached the vehicle with his brother and stood with him at the car door, contributing to the intimidation of the victim. Although Knox argues that "he didn't have time to leave" upon seeing the gun, he ignores Ah.C.'s and Aa.C.'s testimony that he moved with Devon toward the victim's car as the victim attempted to drive away. Knox further fails to acknowledge the evidence that he ran away with Devon after the shooting and hid with him at a girlfriend's home. Upon arrest, he lied to the police, denying that he was at the scene.

The evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, established that Knox shared a criminal intent with Devon, and that they had "a common understanding [...] that a particular criminal objective be accomplished." McCall, 911 A.2d at 996. One twin committed overt acts in furtherance of the conspiracy: he ordered the victim to get out of the car, pointed a gun at the victim's head, and shot the victim. These actions were imputed to Knox regardless of whether he was the twin who did the shooting. See id. at 997; 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 306(b). Accordingly, we find sufficient evidence to support Knox's conspiracy conviction and his convictions of second-degree murder and attempted robbery of a motor vehicle based upon conspirator and accomplice liability. See 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 306(b), (c), 3702(a), 901(a), 903(a)(1), 2502(b).

As his second issue on appeal, Knox argues that the evidence was insufficient to convict him of carrying a firearm without a license. Knox's Brief at 30. He asserts that because the evidence demonstrates that only Devon possessed a firearm, the conviction cannot stand. Id. at 32. The trial court concedes that the evidence was insufficient to convict Knox of having possessed the firearm himself, but states that the evidence was sufficient to convict him of carrying a firearm without a license based upon conspirator liability. Trial Court Opinion, 6/22/09, at 7. Knox counters that the trial court's determination was made in error, as he was not charged with conspiracy to possess a firearm without a license, and thus cannot lawfully be convicted of the crime.12 Knox's Brief at 34-35.

Knox is correct that a defendant cannot be convicted of a crime for which he was not charged. See Speller, 458 A.2d at 203. Knox is also correct that he was not charged with conspiracy to carry a firearm without a license. See Criminal Complaint, 7/25/07; Criminal Information, 9/26/07. The record reflects, however, that Knox was not convicted of conspiracy to carry a firearm without a license; he was convicted of carrying a firearm without a license, a crime for which he was charged. See Verdict, 6/9/08; Criminal Information, 9/26/07. Therefore, this argument lacks merit.

The record reflects that the jury was not asked to determine which twin was in possession of the firearm. Indeed, during its closing argument, the Commonwealth stated it did not matter which of the defendants was in possession of the firearm, as both were equally culpable for the actions of the other. See N.T., 6/9/08, at 431-35. As stated supra, the record reflects that both eyewitnesses to the shooting repeatedly identified Devon as the one in possession of the firearm. The only time Knox was identified as having been the shooter was during the testimony of 10-year-old Ah.C., which occurred when the Knox brothers switched places in an obvious attempt to confuse the child. See N.T., 6/3/08, at 155-57. Ah.C. subsequently testified, however, that he could tell the twins apart because "one of them is lighter [skinned]." N.T., 6/3/08, at 159. He stated that the "lighter" twin is the one who had the gun. Id. This reasoning was echoed by Aa.C., who identified Devon as the shooter. N.T., 6/4/08, at 296. Furthermore, the Commonwealth's theory of the case was that Devon, not Knox, was in possession of the firearm. See N.T., 6/3/08 at 20; N.T., 6/9/08, at 434. We therefore agree that the evidence was not sufficient to prove that Knox actually possessed the firearm.

Our Supreme Court has stated, however, that a defendant can be legally responsible for the illegal possession of a firearm under a theory of accomplice liability. See Commonwealth v. Smith, 490 Pa. 329, 333-34, 416 A.2d 494, 496-97 (1980). In Smith, the defendant engaged in several fistfights throughout a single day, first with Leon Mayo ("Mayo"), and later with Jerry Crew ("Crew"). The defendant and his friends confronted Mayo and his friends at West Philadelphia High School, where the defendant informed Mayo he wanted to continue fighting with Crew. When Mayo said that Crew did not want to fight anymore, the defendant ran to the corner where one of his friends stood, and shouted "now, now." Id. at 333, 416 A.2d at 496. At that, the defendant's friend fired a shot from a gun, killing one of Mayo's friends. Id.

The defendant was convicted of third-degree murder, conspiracy, possessing an instrument of crime, and illegal possession of a firearm. On appeal, he contested, inter alia, the sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction for possession of the firearm. Our Supreme Court affirmed, finding that the circumstances surrounding the shooting warranted a finding of accomplice liability for the firearms offense. Id. at 334, 416 A.2d at 497.

As stated above, the totality of the evidence presented in the case at bar, viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, supports a finding that Knox acted as Devon's accomplice in committing the crimes on July 8, 2007.13 The combination of Knox's presence at the scene, standing side-by-side with Devon as one of the twins pulled a gun on the victim, running with Devon toward the car as one of them shot at the victim, fleeing the scene with Devon, hiding at a girlfriend's house afterwards, and lying to police about his whereabouts on the day in question, give rise to the conclusion that Knox acted as Devon's accomplice. See 18 Pa.C.S.A., § 306(c); Kimbrough, 872 A.2d at 1251, 1253-54; Rosetti, 469 A.2d at 1123. Therefore, Knox and Devon are criminally responsible for each other's actions, and Knox was properly convicted of possessing a firearm without a license. See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 306(b)(3); Smith, 490 Pa. at 334, 416 A.2d at 497.

As his final issue on appeal, Knox argues that a mandatory sentence of life in prison without the possibility of parole for a juvenile convicted of second-degree murder via accomplice liability is unconstitutional pursuant to Eighth Amendment of the United States and Article I, Section 13 of the Pennsylvania Constitution.14 Knox's Brief at 37-38. He indicates that he raised this issue in anticipation of the United States Supreme Court deciding the cases of Graham v. Florida, ___ U.S. ___, 130 S.Ct. 2011, 176 L.Ed.2d 825 (2010), and Sullivan v. Florida, ___ U.S. ___, 130 S.Ct. 2059, ___ L.Ed.2d ___ (2010).15 Knox's Brief at 38. The trial court and the Commonwealth contend that the resolution of this issue is controlled by this Court's decision in Commonwealth v. Carter, 855 A.2d 885 (Pa.Super.2004), appeal denied, 581 Pa. 670, 863 A.2d 1142 (2004). See Trial Court Opinion, 6/22/09, at 8-9; Commonwealth's Brief at 25.16

In Carter, the juvenile appellant, who was sentenced to life in prison without parole for second-degree murder, filed a timely petition pursuant to the Post Conviction Relief Act ("PCRA") alleging, inter alia, ineffective assistance of counsel. Specifically, he asserted that "counsel failed to recognize, assert and preserve a constitutional challenge to the applicability, propriety and legality of a mandatory life sentence without parole imposed upon a juvenile convicted of felony-murder." Carter, 855 A.2d at 888. The panel in Carter stated that this Court had not previously decided the constitutionality of a life sentence without the possibility of parole for a juvenile offender. The Court noted, however, that the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, in Commonwealth v. Williams, 514 Pa. 62, 522 A.2d 1058 (1987), had addressed a related issue of "whether the Juvenile Act violate[d] substantive due process by `creating an impermissible presumption that juveniles accused of murder would be treated as adults.'" Carter, 855 A.2d at 892 (quoting Williams, 514 Pa. at 71, 522 A.2d at 1062). Based upon Williams' conclusion that there is "no constitutional guarantee of special treatment for juvenile offenders," the Carter Court held that "age does not entitle [the appellant] to differential treatment." Id. at 892 (quoting Williams, 522 A.2d at 1063). Because a sentence of life imprisonment imposed upon an adult convicted of felony murder was not cruel and unusual punishment, the Carter Court concluded that it was an appropriate sentence for a juvenile who had been convicted of an identical crime. Id.

While Knox's appeal was pending before this Court, the Supreme Court decided Graham v. Florida. In that case, Terrance Graham ("Graham") was involved in two robberies in the course of a single night. Id. at 2019-20. The trial court found Graham guilty of armed burglary and attempted armed burglary. Id. at 2020. Because this was not Graham's first offense, the court sentenced him to the maximum sentence authorized — life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. Id. Graham filed a motion arguing that his judgment of sentence was unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment. Id. The trial court denied Graham's motion and the Florida District Court of Appeal affirmed that decision. Id. The United States Supreme Court granted certiorari and reversed, holding that a life sentence without the possibility of parole imposed on a juvenile offender convicted of a non-homicide offense was categorically unconstitutional.17 Id.

Examining statistics from the several states regarding the number of jurisdictions (39) that allowed a juvenile convicted of a non-homicide offense to be sentenced to life imprisonment without parole, and the rarity in which the sentence is imposed (123 juveniles serving the sentence for non-homicide crimes in the United States), the Supreme Court determined that there is a national consensus against the sentencing practice. Id. at 2023-26.

Relying on its findings in Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551, 125 S.Ct. 1183, 161 L.Ed.2d 1 (2005) (holding that the death penalty is unconstitutional as applied to juvenile defendants), it found that "because juveniles have lessened culpability, they are less deserving of the most severe punishments." Graham, 130 S.Ct. at 2026. It noted three key differences between juveniles and adults: (1) juveniles have "a lack of maturity and an underdeveloped sense of responsibility"; (2) juveniles are more vulnerable and susceptible to negative influences than adults; and (3) the juvenile's underdeveloped character. Id. (citation to Roper omitted). Because juveniles' personalities are still developing and capable of change, the Court found a sentence of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole was developmentally inappropriate:

Id. at 2026-27 (internal citations omitted). "[I]t is difficult even for expert psychologists to differentiate between the juvenile offender whose crime reflects unfortunate yet transient immaturity, and the rare juvenile offender whose crime reflects irreparable corruption. Accordingly, juvenile offenders cannot with reliability be classified among the worst offenders." Id. at 2026 (citation to Roper omitted).

The Supreme Court reiterated its previous finding that "defendants who do not kill, intend to kill, or foresee that life will be taken are categorically less deserving of the most serious forms of punishment than are murderers." Id. at 2027. It thus concluded that a juvenile offender who did not kill or intend to kill has twice the diminished moral culpability of an adult offender. Id.

The Graham Court further recognized that life in prison without parole is a harsh sentence, especially for a juvenile, who will spend a greater percentage of his life in prison than will an adult offender. Id. at 2028. The Court evaluated the penological goals (retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation), and found that none justify a sentence of life in prison without the possibility of parole for a juvenile convicted of a non-homicide offense, making the sentence disproportionate to the offense. Id. It therefore held that a sentence of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole as applied to juveniles convicted of non-homicide offenses is cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment. Id. at 2034.

On June 30, 2011, this Court ordered Knox and the Commonwealth to file supplemental briefs addressing the United States Supreme Court's decision in Graham. Both of the parties and Knox's amici, the Juvenile Law Center, the Defender Association of Philadelphia, and several professors, timely filed supplemental briefs. Knox further filed a motion for the case to be heard by a panel en banc and for oral argument, which we denied by Order dated July 28, 2011.

In its supplemental brief, the Commonwealth continues to assert that this case is controlled by Carter, as Graham applies only to juveniles sentenced for non-homicide offenses, and Knox was convicted of homicide. Commonwealth's Supplemental Brief at 7-8. It further argues that the Superior Court already determined that Graham is inapplicable to juveniles convicted of homicide in another intervening case, Commonwealth v. Ortiz, 17 A.3d 417 (Pa.Super.2011).18 Commonwealth's Supplemental Brief at 8-9.

Knox and his amici argue, inter alia, that the reasoning employed by the Roper and Graham Courts regarding a juvenile's reduced culpability is applicable to juveniles convicted of second-degree murder and sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole. Knox's Supplemental Brief at 43-47; Amicus Brief at 8-18. Both Knox and his amici distinguish the Ortiz case based upon the fact that Ortiz involved an appeal of the denial of post conviction collateral relief and was decided based upon the very narrow "timeliness" rules of the PCRA.19 Knox's Supplemental Brief at 41-43; Amicus Brief at 6-7.20

Knox's amici present statistics evidencing a national consensus against the sentencing practice and a discussion regarding the absence of penological goals served by sentencing a juvenile to life without parole for second-degree murder, concluding that it is cruel and unusual punishment to sentence a juvenile to life in prison without the possibility of parole for felony murder. Amicus Brief at 18-26. Amici further argue that "the mandatory nature of Pennsylvania's life without parole sentencing scheme compounds its constitutional infirmity." Id. at 22-23. Knox incorporates the arguments of his amici as his own. Knox's Brief at 47.

On June 25, 2012, while Knox's appeal was still pending before this Court, the United States Supreme Court decided the companion cases of Miller v. Alabama and Jackson v. Hobbs. Each of those cases involved 14-year-old defendants convicted of murder. In Miller, the defendant, Evan Miller ("Miller") and his friend, Colby Smith ("Smith"), accompanied the victim back to his trailer after the victim engaged in a drug deal with Miller's mother. Miller, 132 S.Ct. at 2462. The three smoked marijuana and drank alcohol until the victim passed out. Id. Miller took the victim's wallet and removed the $300.00 contained therein. Id. When he tried to return the wallet, the victim awoke and grabbed Miller by the throat. Id. Smith hit the victim with a baseball bat, and once released, Miller struck the victim repeatedly with the bat. Miller then placed a sheet over the victim's head, said: "I am G[-]d, I've come to take your life," and struck the victim with the bat again. Id. The boys left the victim's trailer, but returned soon thereafter to cover up the evidence by setting the trailer on fire. The victim died from his injuries and smoke inhalation. Id.

In Jackson, the defendant, Kuntrell Jackson ("Jackson") and two other boys decided to rob a video store. Id. at 2461. On the way to the store, Jackson learned that one of his cohorts was carrying a concealed sawed-off shotgun. Id. Jackson waited outside while the other two entered the store and demanded money from the clerk at gunpoint. Id. The clerk refused. Id. Jackson entered the store to find one of the boys continuing to demand money and either said to the clerk "we ain't playin'," or said to his friends "I thought you all was playin'." Id. When the clerk threatened to call the police, the boy wielding the gun shot and killed her. Id. All three boys fled the scene. Id.

Both Miller and Jackson were convicted of murder and sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole pursuant to their states' mandatory sentencing schemes. Id. at 2460. The Arkansas Supreme Court affirmed Jackson's conviction;21 the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed Miller's conviction.22 Id. at 2461-62. The United States Supreme Court granted certiorari in both cases and reversed, finding, in reference to a mandatory sentence of life without parole, that "[s]uch a scheme prevents those meting out punishment from considering a juvenile's `lessened culpability' and greater `capacity for change,' and runs afoul of our cases' requirement of individualized sentencing for defendants facing the most serious penalties." Id. at 2460 (internal citation to Graham omitted). It therefore concluded: "[M]andatory life without parole for those under the age of 18 at the time of their crimes violates the Eight Amendment's prohibition on `cruel and unusual punishments.'" Id.

In arriving at this holding, the Court relied on two separately developed lines of its proportionate punishment precedent. First, it considered Roper and Graham — cases concerning categorical bans on sentencing practices that focused on a juvenile's reduced culpability as compared to adult offenders. Id. at 2463. The Court related that these decisions relied not only upon "what any parent knows," but also on the social science and science behind a child's development and maturity. Id. at 2464. "We reasoned that those findings — of transient rashness, proclivity for risk, and inability to assess consequences — both lessened a child's `moral culpability' and enhanced the prospect that, as the years go by and neurological development occurs, his `deficiencies will be reformed.'" Id.

The Court in Miller also emphasized that Roper and Graham found the "distinctive attributes of youth," diminished the penological justifications for sentencing a juvenile to life in prison without parole — the harshest sentence available for juveniles. Id.

Id. (internal citations and quotations omitted).

The Court in Miller concluded that although Graham's "flat ban" on a sentence of life without parole applies only to juveniles convicted of non-homicide offenses, what it said about children is not crime-specific. Id. "So Graham's reasoning implicates any life-without-parole sentence imposed on a juvenile, even as its categorical bar relates only to non[-]homicide offenses." Id. Specifically, the Court stressed that "youth matters" when determining whether life without parole is an appropriate sentence, and the mandatory sentencing provisions at issue before the Court prevented the sentencing authority from taking that into account. Id. at 2465-66. "[T]hese laws prohibit a sentencing authority from assessing whether the law's harshest term of imprisonment proportionately punishes a juvenile offender. That contravenes Graham's (and also Roper's) foundational principle: that imposition of a State's most severe penalties on juvenile offenders cannot proceed as though they were not children." Id.

The High Court's reliance on Graham, a case wherein the Court treated the sentence of life without parole for juveniles as if it were a death penalty case,23 prompted it to consider a second line of cases — those requiring individualized sentencing for the imposition of the death penalty. Id. at 2467-68. The Court first considered Woodson v. North Carolina, 428 U.S. 280, 96 S.Ct. 2978, 49 L.Ed.2d 944 (1976) (plurality opinion), wherein it held that a statute requiring a death sentence for first-degree murder violated the Eighth Amendment because the mandatory sentence "gave no significance to the character and record of the individual offender or the circumstances of the offense, and excluded from consideration the possibility of compassionate or mitigating factors." Miller, 132 S.Ct. at 2467 (citing Woodson, 428 U.S. at 304, 96 S.Ct. 2978) (quotation marks omitted).

The Court in Miller also found instructive the case Eddings v. Oklahoma, 455 U.S. 104, 102 S.Ct. 869, 71 L.Ed.2d 1 (1982), which involved a 16-year-old who shot and killed a police officer point-blank. The Court reversed Eddings' death sentence based upon the trial court's failure to "consider evidence of his neglectful and violent family background (including his mother's drug abuse and his father's physical abuse) and his emotional disturbance," all of which the Court found to be more relevant than it would have if the offender was an adult. Miller, 132 S.Ct. at 2467 (citing Eddings, 455 U.S. at 115, 102 S.Ct. 869).

After examining Roper, Graham, Woodson, and Eddings, the Miller Court concluded as follows:

Id. at 2468 (internal citations to Graham and J.D.B. omitted).

The Court indicated that these factors were highly relevant in the assessment of the appropriate punishments for both Miller and Jackson. The Court questioned whether Jackson's age and maturity level affected his willingness to walk away or his calculation of the risk involved when he learned that one of the other boys had a gun, which "go to Jackson's culpability for the offense." Id. It further stated that Jackson's "family background and immersion in violence" — both his mother and grandmother had shot people — should have been considered by the sentencing body. Id.

In Miller's case, although the Court acknowledged the viciousness of the crime he committed, the Court found significant that he was high on drugs and alcohol at the time of the murder, which he had consumed with the adult victim. Id. at 2469. Moreover, Miller's personal history, including physical abuse by his stepfather, neglect by his drug- and alcohol-addicted mother, his various placements in foster care, and his four suicide attempts, the first of which occurred when he was only six years old, needed to be considered prior to sentencing. Id. The Court agreed that Miller was deserving of a severe punishment for his actions, but indicated that the sentencing body must evaluate all of the attendant circumstances before determining whether life without parole is an appropriate sentence. Id.

The Court in Miller next considered whether "objective indicia of society's standards, as expressed in legislative enactments and state practice show a national consensus against a sentence for a particular class of offenders."24 Id. at 2470 (citing Graham, 130 S.Ct. at 2022) (quotation marks omitted). Although it observed that 29 jurisdictions make life without parole mandatory for juveniles convicted of murder in an adult court, it found this statistic to be unpersuasive. Id. at 2470-71. It noted that in Graham, 39 jurisdictions permitted juveniles to be sentenced to life in prison without parole for non-homicide offenses. Id. at 2471. The Court further indicated that 15 jurisdictions make life without parole discretionary for juveniles, and only 15 percent of all juveniles sentenced to life without parole arise from the discretionary jurisdictions, resulting in the conclusion that "when given the choice, sentencers impose life without parole on children relatively rarely." Id. at 2471 n. 10.

Moreover, many of the jurisdictions that mandate life without parole sentences for juveniles convicted of homicide do so by virtue of two distinct statutory provisions: (1) a statute requiring a sentence of life in prison without parole for certain homicide convictions, and (2) a statute mandating the transfer of juveniles accused of homicide to adult criminal court. Id. The Court found that this undercuts a claim of a "national consensus" in favor of the sentencing practice, as the mere availability of the sentence to juvenile offenders by virtue of the "confluence of state laws" "does not indicate that the penalty has been endorsed through deliberate, express, and full legislative consideration." Id. at 2473 (citation to Graham omitted).

Lastly, the Court addressed the ability for juveniles in some jurisdictions to request a transfer to juvenile court from adult criminal court as a remedy for the constitutional concerns of a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment without parole for those tried in adult criminal court. Id. at 2474. Although the Court recognized that in these jurisdictions the trial court generally has discretion to determine if a juvenile should be transferred, it found it not to be a substitute for discretion in sentencing the juvenile in adult court:

Id.

The United States Supreme Court held, pursuant to Graham, Roper, and its individualized sentencing decisions, that a sentencing body must be able to consider mitigating circumstances before imposing the harshest penalty available for juveniles. Id. at 2475. It therefore found statutes requiring a mandatory sentence of life in prison without the possibility of parole to be unconstitutional in violation of the Eighth Amendment as applied to juvenile offenders. Id. It further stated:

Id. at 2469 (internal citations to Roper and Graham omitted).25

We now turn to the case sub judice. Like the Arkansas and Alabama sentencing practices at issue in Miller, the mandatory sentence of life in prison without parole for a juvenile convicted of first- or second-degree murder in Pennsylvania is not the product of legislative deliberation resulting in a decision that the sentence is appropriate for juvenile offenders. Rather, the sentence of life in prison without parole applies to juveniles in Pennsylvania because of the mandatory transfer provision in the Juvenile Act. See Commonwealth v. Archer, ___ Pa. ___, 722 A.2d 203, 206 (1998) (when a juvenile is charged with murder, the adult criminal division has original jurisdiction); 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 6302(2)(i), 6322(a), 6355(e); see also Miller, 132 S.Ct. at 2471-73; Graham, 130 S.Ct. at 2025. Pursuant to the Crimes Code, a person convicted of second-degree murder, as Knox was, is required to serve a sentence of life in prison. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 1102(b). Finally, the "without the possibility of parole" provision is derived from the statute governing the powers and duties of the Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole, which prohibits the grant of parole to an inmate sentenced to serve life in prison. 61 Pa.C.S.A. § 6137(a)(1). Therefore, it is the interplay of three separate statutes in three separate chapters that results in juveniles convicted of first- or second-degree murder in Pennsylvania to be sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole. No personal information, factors, or mitigating circumstances are considered by the trial court when meting out this sentence. Because of the mandatory nature of this sentence, it is unconstitutional as applied to juveniles pursuant to the holding of the Supreme Court in Miller.

Knox was 17 years old when he committed the crimes in question. He was sentenced to the statutorily mandated term of life in prison without the possibility of parole. Prior to sentencing Knox, the trial court did not (and indeed, could not) consider or take testimony regarding any mitigating factors that might render this sentence inappropriate for Knox. We therefore vacate Knox's judgment of sentence, and remand the case for resentencing consistent with the Miller decision.

The Miller Court did not provide a specific list of what factors the sentencer must consider when determining the appropriate sentence for a juvenile potentially facing a sentence of life in prison, only indicating that the consideration of such factors will render the punishment "uncommon" for juveniles. Miller, 132 S.Ct. at 2469. Our review of Miller indicates, at the very least, one must consider a juvenile's age at the time of the offense, his diminished culpability and heightened capacity for change, the circumstances of the crime, the extent of his participation in the crime, his family, home and neighborhood environment, his emotional maturity and development, the extent that familial and/or peer pressure may have affected him, his past exposure to violence, his drug and alcohol history, his ability to deal with the police, his capacity to assist his attorney, the presence of any drug and/or alcohol problems, his mental health history, and his potential for rehabilitation. See id. at 2464, 2467-69. This is not an exhaustive list. Because the Miller decision was so recently decided, there has been no advocacy by the parties regarding individualized sentencing for juveniles convicted of homicide offenses. As such, on remand, we anticipate that the trial court will order briefs by the Commonwealth and Knox, and accept briefs from their respective amici, if any, on this issue.

As the United States Supreme Court has expressly stated that a mandatory sentence of life in prison without the possibility of parole is unconstitutional as applied to juvenile offenders, Whitaker is overruled. See Whitaker, 30 A.3d at 1197-98 (holding that a mandatory sentence of life in prison without the possibility of parole for a juvenile convicted of first-degree murder is not cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the United States and Pennsylvania Constitutions); supra n. 20. Likewise, to the extent that the dicta contained in the Ortiz footnote indicates that the mandatory sentence of life in prison without the possibility of parole is not unconstitutional for a juvenile convicted of second-degree murder, Miller overrules that premise.26 See Ortiz, 17 A.3d at 422 n. 7; supra n. 18.27

Based upon the analysis previously set forth, we conclude: 1) the evidence was sufficient to support the verdict; 2) a mandatory sentence of a term of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole for a juvenile offender is cruel and unusual punishment and a violation of the Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article I, Section 13 of the Pennsylvania Constitution; and 3) prior case law holding otherwise is now overruled. As Knox was sentenced to life in prison for the commission of second-degree murder as a juvenile, we vacate the judgment of sentence and remand the case to the trial court for resentencing.

Judgment of sentence vacated. Case remanded for resentencing consistent with this Opinion. Jurisdiction relinquished.